Assessment of Biocompatibility of 3D‐Printed Cardiovascular Stent

Abstract

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility of the 3D‐printed stent and its efficiency on reducing the oxidized‐low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) damage in endothelial cells using the zebrafish embryos model. The human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) significantly (p‐value <0.001) lose their viability upon exposure to ox‐LDL treatment (100 µg/ml). An exposure of HUVECs to resveratrol (RSL)‐unloaded 3D stent slightly lowers the cell viability as compared with untreated control group. On the contrary, RSL‐loaded 3D stent exposure groups maintain initial cell viability. The amounts of TNF‐α and IL‐β released from zebrafish embryos (1.82 ± 0.75 and 1.87 ± 0.24) in the group treated with the RSL‐loaded 3D stents are significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those from the LPS alone treated group (8.13 ± 2.29 and 23.79 ± 3.82, respectively). It is found that RSL‐loaded 3D stent at a RSL dose of 1 mm shows no mortality during the developmental stages, but RSL‐loaded 3D stent at a dose of 2 mm shows a lowered survival rate (93.3 ± 3.3%), shorter length of larvae, pericardial and yolk sac edemas of 53.3 ± 23.3% and 3.3 ± 3.3%, respectively. The RSL‐loaded 3D stents efficiently downregulate the proinflammatory cytokines, and protect an organism against oxidative stress, while producing minimal developments defects in zebrafish embryos.