Abstract
In this work, zinc oxide-decorated graphene oxide (ZnO–rGO) was successfully synthesized with a fast reflux chemical procedure at 100 °C. An equal mass ratio of graphene oxide (GO) and zinc acetate was used as starting materials dissolved, respectively, in ultrapure distilled water and dimethylformamide (DMF). Particularly, pure GO was synthesized using Hummers modified protocol by varying the mass ratio of (graphite:potassium permanganate) as follows: 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4, which allow us to obtain six types of pure and decorated samples, named, respectively, GO1:2, GO1:3, GO1:4, ZnO–rGO1:2, ZnO–rGO1:3, and ZnO–rGO1:4 using reflux at 100 °C. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy spectra confirm the formation of wurzite ZnO in all ZnO-decorated samples with better reduction of GO in ZnO–rGO1:4, confirming that a higher degree of graphene oxidation allows better reduction during the decoration process with ZnO metal oxide. Antioxidant activity of pure and zinc oxide-decorated graphene oxide samples were compared using two different in vitro assays (DPPH radical and H2O2 scavenging activities). Considerable in vitro antioxidant activities in a concentration-dependent manner were recorded. Interestingly, pristine GO showed more elevated scavenging efficiency in DPPH tests while ZnO-decorated GO was relatively more efficient in H2O2 antioxidant assays.
Highlights
During recent decades, the emergence of carbon nanomaterials in nanoscience opens an important research field for all Carbon allotropes [1]
The results show that the mass ratio in Hummers’ method represents an important parameter for the reduction and metal oxide decoration of graphene oxide as well
Best results in terms of the oxidation degree were obtained with a 1:4 mass ratio
Summary
The emergence of carbon nanomaterials in nanoscience opens an important research field for all Carbon allotropes [1]. An atomically thin two-dimensional carbonaceous material, has attracted tremendous attention in the scientific community due to its exceptional electronic, electrical, and mechanical properties [2,3]. Graphene-based materials have gained heightened attention as novel materials for water treatment, environmental remediation, and medical applications (e.g., biosensors, bioimaging, and drug delivery) [4,5]. With the recent explosion of methods for large-scale synthesis of graphene, the number of publications related to graphene and other graphene-based materials has increased exponentially. Brodie first demonstrated the synthesis of GO in 1859 by adding a portion of potassium chlorate to a slurry of graphite in fuming nitric acid. In 1898, Staudenmaier improved on this protocol by using a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and fuming nitric acid followed by the gradual addition of chlorate to the reaction mixture. In 1958, Hummers modulated the GO synthesis protocol and used potassium permanganate (KMnO4 ) and
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