Abstract
Reduced or absent compliance to anti-hypertensive treatment is a major obstacle to the achievement of blood pressure target in patients with arterial hypertension. Current available methods for therapeutic adherence assessment display low accuracy, limited applicability in clinical practice and/or high costs. We designed a prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of serial measurement of ARR to assess the therapeutic compliance to RAAS inhibitors. We prospectively enrolled 80 subjects: 40 patients with arterial hypertension and 40 normotensive controls. The ARR was evaluated at baseline and 2 and 8 week after initiation of a RAAS inhibitor in patients with hypertension, and at baseline and 2 weeks for the control group. Adherence to the prescribed therapy was confirmed by therapeutic drug monitoring. We observed a significant increase of renin levels and reduction of aldosterone levels after RAAS inhibitors initiation, with consequent reduction of ARR. Delta ARR (ΔARR), defined as relative change in ARR before and after treatment initiation, provided high accuracy for determination of therapeutic compliance, with an AUC of 0.900 at 2 weeks and 0.886 at 8 weeks. A cut-off of −48% of ΔARR provided 90% sensitivity and 75% specificity, at 2 and 8 weeks. In conclusion, the measurement of ΔARR is a powerful test, cheap and widely available to accurately identify the non-adherence to RAAS inhibitors treatment. Herein we propose the implementation of ΔARR in clinical practice through a multi-step flow-chart for the management of patients with uncontrolled blood pressure, with identification of those suspected of non-adherence, reserving therapeutic drug monitoring for non-adherence confirmation.
Highlights
Partial or absent adherence to medical treatment hinders the achievement of therapeutic goals in chronic diseases treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors, including arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes (Fischer et al, 2010)
A total of 80 subjects were prospectively recruited for the ETRURIA Study in Torino: 40 patients with arterial hypertension and 40 controls (Table 1)
Baseline values of renin (12.5 [5.9–26.8] vs. 12.0 [6.3–15.0] μU/ml, p 0.102), aldosterone (11.5 [8.7–16.0] vs. 12.8 [9.1–18.3] ng/dl, p 0.292) and aldosterone-torenin ration (ARR) (0.79 [0.53–1.95] vs. 1.14 [0.72–2.60] ng/dl/μU/ml, p 0.100) were similar in the cohort treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and control group, respectively
Summary
Partial or absent adherence to medical treatment hinders the achievement of therapeutic goals in chronic diseases treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors, including arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes (Fischer et al, 2010). Poor compliance to anti-hypertensive prescriptions has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events (Corrao et al, 2011), heart failure (Perreault et al, 2009), hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke (Kettani et al, 2009; Xu et al, 2017). In this context, ESC/ESH guideline of 2018, reinforced recommendations for screening patients adherence, especially when blood pressure control is not achieved (Williams et al, 2018). Recognition of reduced compliance can avoid novel inappropriate prescriptions and mitigate the cost of unnecessary investigations (Williams et al, 2018)
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