Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is chronic inflammatory epidemic state contributing to total and cardiovascular mortality. The current study planned to assess and screen risk factors for MetS and its components. A cross-sectional study conducted to assess age, gender, social status, employment, education, family history, physical activity, dietary habits, alcohol, sleep, body mass index and stress as determinants of MetS. The results were analyzed by Chi Square test with statistical significance of p value <0.05. The frequency of MetS was 17.38% as per modified National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Females (57.38%), age >50 years (86.90%; p < 0.05), middle socioeconomic status (70.50%), illiteracy (39.35%), and unemployment (81.97%; p < 0.05) were found contributing though to different extents. Subjects with a sedentary lifestyle (72.14%), positive family history (42.63%), omnivore diet (47.55%), stress (78.69%; p < 0.05), insomnia (29.51%) and increased BMI (83.62%; p < 0.001) had shown predisposition to MetS. However, the protective role of alcohol (38.28%), an active lifestyle (36.21%), vegetarian diet (62.07%) and adequate sleep (73.11%) was observed. A significant hypertension (98.37%; p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (77.05%; p < 0.001), dysglycemia (75.41%; p < 0.001) and obesity (59.02%; p < 0.001) was reported in MetS. Common concerns of female gender, increasing age and BMI, sedentary lifestyle, stress and positive family history should be considered for early identification and appropriate intervention to fight the growing MetS epidemic.
Highlights
The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a modern day epidemic which predicts total and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality [1]; the incidence and progression of carotid atherosclerosis [2]; and sudden death independent of other cardiovascular risks [3]
A significant hypertension (98.37%; p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (77.05%; p < 0.001), dysglycemia (75.41%; p < 0.001) and obesity (59.02%; p < 0.001) was reported in MetS
MetS represents as a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical and metabolic risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, central obesity, glucose intolerance, pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic states, which reflects an underlying insulin resistance [5]
Summary
The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a modern day epidemic which predicts total and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality [1]; the incidence and progression of carotid atherosclerosis [2]; and sudden death independent of other cardiovascular risks [3]. MetS represents as a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical and metabolic risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, central obesity, glucose intolerance, pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic states, which reflects an underlying insulin resistance [5]. Various bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) [6], the European Group for the study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) [7], the National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel. These underlying mechanisms are exacerbated by the complex interplay between age, genetic conditioning, and an inappropriate lifestyle comprising sedentary lifestyle and surplus availability of energy dense salt enriched food [10].
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