Abstract
Solar water heaters (SWHs) are one of the most effective plans for general and easy use of solar energy to supply hot water in domestic and industrial sectors. This paper gives the first-ever attempts to assess the optimal localization of SWHs across 22 major cities in Zambia, as well as determine the possibility of hot water generation and model the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission saving. The climate data used is extracted by using the MeteoSyn software which is modeled in TSOL™. Results show the high potential of GHG emission reduction due to nonconsumption of fossil fuels owing to the deployment of SWHs, and three cities Kabwe, Chipata, and Mbala had the highest GHG mitigation by 1552.97 kg/y, 1394.8 kg/y, and 1321.39 kg/y, respectively. On average, SWHs provide 62.47% of space heating and 96.05% of the sanitary hot water requirement of consumers. The findings have shown the potential for the deployment of SWHs in Zambia. The techno-enviro study in this paper can be used by the policymakers of Zambia and countries with similar climates.
Highlights
Residential and commercial buildings account for 54.7% and 45.3% of total energy consumption in the building sector, respectively
9% of energy use in the building sector is provided by renewable energy and the rest by fossil fuels [1]
This highlights the reduction in CO2 by using solar water heater (SWH) systems [4, 5], more suitability of SWH compared with electric water heaters (EWHs) [6, 7], and the necessity of higher application of SWH [8]
Summary
Residential and commercial buildings account for 54.7% and 45.3% of total energy consumption in the building sector, respectively. 9% of energy use in the building sector is provided by renewable energy and the rest by fossil fuels [1] Results indicated that evacuated tube SWHs were suitable for domestic water consumption (producing 63.8% of required hot water and an annual reduction of 1664 kg in CO2) with a capital recovery period of 8 years. They presented some experimental equations for finding the optimal collector area given the required hot water and location under study.
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