Abstract
Enclosed parking garages require mechanical ventilation fans to dilute concentrations of pollutants emitted from vehicles, which contributes to energy use and peak electricity demand. This study develops and applies a simulation framework combining multi-zone airflow and contaminant transport modeling, fan affinity laws, and realistic assumptions for vehicle traffic patterns and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions to improve our ability to predict the impacts of various ventilation control strategies on indoor air quality and fan energy use in parking garages. The simulation approach is validated using measured data from a parking garage case study and then applied to investigate fan energy use, peak power demand, and resulting CO concentrations for four different ventilation control strategies in a model underground parking garage under a variety of assumptions for model inputs. The four ventilation control strategies evaluated include one simplistic schedule (i.e., Always-On) and three demand-based strategies in which fan speed is a function of CO concentrations in the spaces, including Linear-Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Standardized Variable Flow (SVF), and a simple On-Off strategy. The estimated annual average fan energy consumption was consistently lowest with the Linear-DCV strategy, resulting in average (± standard deviation) energy savings across all modeled scenarios of 843%±0.4%, 72.8%±3.6%, and 97.9%±0.1% compared to SVF, On-Off, and Always-On strategies, respectively. The utility of the framework described herein is that it can be used to model energy and indoor air quality impacts of other parking garage configurations and control scenarios.
Highlights
Automobile parking garages require ventilation to dilute contaminants generated by vehicles operating within them (Zhao et al 2018; Liu et al 2019)
This study developed and applied a simulation framework for investigating the impact of various ventilation controls strategies on indoor air quality and fan energy use in parking garages using a multi-zone airflow and contaminant transport modeling tool (CONTAM)
Four different ventilation control strategies were evaluated in a validated case study, including three strategies commonly used in the industry (On-Off, Always-On, and Standardized Variable Flow (SVF)), and one more recently developed strategy (Linear-Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV))
Summary
Automobile parking garages require ventilation to dilute contaminants generated by vehicles operating within them (Zhao et al 2018; Liu et al 2019). Open parking garages, which are usually constructed above-grade over structural decking, commonly have at least three sides open to the outdoor environment to allow for natural ventilation to dilute contaminants without the use of mechanical fans. Maximum allowable contaminant concentrations are commonly used to establish required ventilation rates for underground garages. CO is most commonly used to determine ventilation rates because of its known acute and chronic health effects, it is regulated by numerous governing bodies and standards organizations, and it is relatively inexpensive to measure compared to other contaminants (Marr et al 1998; Gil-Lopez et al 2014; Zhao et al 2017). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends a maximum 8-hour CO
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