Assessing the spatio-temporal variability of NDVI and VCI as indices of crops productivity in Ethiopia: a remote sensing approach

Jean Moussa Kourouma,Emmanuel Eze,Emnet Negash,Darius Phiri,Royd Vinya,Atkilt Girma,Amanuel Zenebe

doi:10.1080/19475705.2021.1976849

Abstract

This study aims at characterizing agricultural drought in Ethiopia and understanding the effects of drought on crop yield. Monthly, seasonal and annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) values were calculated using MODIS (MOD13Q1) from the year 2003 to 2017. The relationships between NDVI, VCI, and crop yield were examined to predict the possibility of drought impacts on crop productivity. We found that VCI and NDVI data provides consistent and spatially explicit information for operational drought monitoring in Ethiopia. Results also indicated that the most extreme agricultural drought in recent years occurred in 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, and 2015. These findings also show that mild to severe droughts have a great chance of occurrence in Ethiopia. However, only severe drought has significant impacts on crops. The food crops yield data used in this study include cereals, legumes, and tubers. It was observed that cereals such as (Zea mays), teff (Eragrostis tef), haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are more sensitive to agricultural drought when compared to the tubers such as sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and taro (Colocasia esculenta). Thus, drought preparedness programs need to pay more attention to the cultivation of these crops under severe drought conditions. Highlights NDVI and VCI patterns easily discriminate cereals and legumes when compared to tuber crops. 45% and 43% yield variability of respectively teff and maize is explained by the NDVI patterns. The studied crops (Teff, Maize, Sweet potato and Taro) are less discriminable to seasonal VCI variation. Drought preparedness strategies should encourage farmers to cultivate tubers instead of cereals. The PMARE value for Taro and sweet potato exceeded the model acceptable range.

Highlights

Prolonged dry periods that result from precipitation deficiency and water inadequacy, below expected or normal amounts, cause significant environmental and economic challenges, in agricultural production
This study analyzed the relationship of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) with selected crops’ yields for the period 2003–2015
The studied crops comprise cereals, leguminous and tubers. Yield of crops such as maize, teff, and haricot beans are positively correlated to the annual average NDVI, seasonal NDVI, NDVI anomaly, and annual VCI

Summary

Introduction

Prolonged dry periods that result from precipitation deficiency and water inadequacy, below expected or normal amounts, cause significant environmental and economic challenges, in agricultural production. This in turn affects the balance of food supply and demand (Boken 2009). According to Abera et al (2018), 80% of Ethiopia’s population depends on rain-fed agriculture. Rain-fed agriculture’s dependence has made Ethiopia’s economy extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and climate change that are usually manifested through the increase in temperature, rainfall variability and recurrent droughts (Negash et al 2020, 2019)

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