Abstract
Background: To assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD). Methods: Retrospective observational study was conducted on 984 patients using HCQ for RMD to detect prevalence of retinopathy by Humphrey visual field, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence test, and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Results: The patients' age ranged between 13 and 79 years and 85.8% were female. The prevalence of retinopathy was 13.5% in cases treated with HCQ. It was significantly more in the higher age group (>60 years) compared to lower age ( Conclusions: The high prevalence of retinal toxicity in patients with 1–5 years of HCQ therapy prompts the need for frequent ophthalmic screening, even before completion of 5 years of treatment.
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