Assessing the Relationship between Presidential Rhetorical Simplicity and Unilateral Action

Christopher Olds

doi:10.17645/pag.v3i2.303

Abstract

Research from Shogan (2007) and Lim (2008) on the executive branch proposes that the American presidency has adopted an anti-intellectual approach to leadership, such that there is a concerted rejection of thoughtful political discourse from the president. This has been reflected by what appears to be a relative decline in both the linguistic and substantive complexity of presidential rhetoric. Shogan’s (2007) work, while focused on examining whether Republicans are more apt to employ anti-intellectual leadership than Democrats, raises an additional topic worthy of empirical examination: the potential relationship between anti-intellectual leadership and unilateral action from the president. If anti-intellectual leadership is a defiant form of leadership that opts to publicly demonstrate the rejection of external expertise, the usage of anti-intellectual rhetoric from the president might be able to predict the usage of unilateral action. On the other hand, anti-intellectual rhetoric might be used as a straightforward and quick means to explain unilateral action, such that change in the level of unilateral action can predict the usage of simplistic rhetoric. Unfortunately, no one has yet to empirically test whether rhetorical simplicity predicts unilateral action, unilateral action predicts rhetorical simplicity, or there is a multi-directional relationship present. This project makes an initial attempt to remedy this gap in the literature. The project contrasts the monthly average simplicity level of the presidential weekly public address with the monthly number of executive orders emanating from the executive branch, using information spanning between February 1993 and May 2015. The initial findings from the vector autoregression and moving average representation analyses suggest that prior change in rhetorical simplicity predicts the usage of executive orders, and that an increase in rhetorical simplicity helps produce an increase in the number of executive orders offered by the president.

Highlights

Presidents use public remarks in an attempt to shape the makeup of the country’s policy agenda (Kernell, 2007)
The results of the analyses provide initial evidence in support of the view that changes in the simplicity of presidential rhetoric predict change in the level of a major form of unilateral action, executive orders
The results suggest that an increase in presidential rhetorical simplicity produces a positive shift in the number of executive orders coming from the executive branch

Summary

Introduction

Presidents use public remarks in an attempt to shape the makeup of the country’s policy agenda (Kernell, 2007). The reason is that anti-intellectual policy discourse can be a means to signal that the president will not engage in a policy debate with others in the political environment The president through their rhetoric is making clear that they do not find the need to participate in a deliberative exchange, and instead will opt for executive independence on a variety of policy matters. 296) words, if anti-intellectualism “emphasizes simplicity and efficiency, which enables presidents to justify their unilateral actions,” presidents might use simplistic political discourse when explaining their previous employment of unilateral policy techniques. Presidents, operating under this interpretation, are making clear that unilateral actions are decisions that are not derived from a thoughtful analytical analysis of incoming information. Hypothesis 2: Prior change in the level of executive orders positively predicts an increase in presidential rhetorical simplicity

Research Design

Research Findings

Conclusions