Abstract
Abstract. The main features of climate change patterns, as simulated by the coupled ocean–atmosphere version 2.5 of the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM), are compared with those of 25 other CMIP5 models, focusing on temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and radiative feedbacks. The climate sensitivity to quadrupling the atmospheric CO2 concentration was investigated via two methods: linear regression (Gregory et al., 2004) and radiative kernels (Soden and Held, 2006; Soden et al., 2008). Radiative kernels from both the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) were used to decompose the climate feedback responses of the CMIP5 models and BESM into different processes. By applying the linear regression method for equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) estimation, we obtained a BESM value close to the ensemble mean value. This study reveals that the BESM simulations yield zonally average feedbacks, as estimated from radiative kernels, that lie within the ensemble standard deviation. Exceptions were found in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and over the ocean near Antarctica, where BESM showed values for lapse rate, humidity feedback, and albedo that were marginally outside the standard deviation of the values from the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble. For those areas, BESM also featured a strong positive cloud feedback that appeared as an outlier compared with all analyzed models. However, BESM showed physically consistent changes in the temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation patterns relative to the CMIP5 ensemble mean.
Highlights
The effects of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the climate system have been studied over the last 120 years (Arrhenius, 1896; Callendar, 1938; Plass, 1956; Kaplan, 1960; Manabe and Wetherald, 1967, 1975; Manabe and Stouffer, 1980; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007, 2013; Pincus et al, 2016; Good et al, 2016, and many others)
The linear regressions based on all-sky radiative flux are used to estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), G, and λ, while the regressions based on clear-sky data are used to obtain CRE
The piControl and abrupt4xCO2 scenarios for 25 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models have been compared with those generated by Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM) based on their key sensitivity parameters, such as the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and climate feedbacks
Summary
The effects of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the climate system have been studied over the last 120 years (Arrhenius, 1896; Callendar, 1938; Plass, 1956; Kaplan, 1960; Manabe and Wetherald, 1967, 1975; Manabe and Stouffer, 1980; IPCC, 2007, 2013; Pincus et al, 2016; Good et al, 2016, and many others). The increased GHG concentration can trigger climate feedback processes that either amplify or damp the initial radiative perturbation (Cubasch and Cess, 1990). Earth system models (ESMs) are the most advanced tools available for analyzing the coupled climate system (atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice) physical processes and their interactions, even these models still ex-. Capistrano et al.: The BESM-OA2.5 climate change sensitivity hibit important uncertainties in their projections of climate change (IPCC, 2013)
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