Assessing the internalization pathways of Cr–Fe–Ni nanoparticles in native Dittrichia viscosa naturally exposed to industrial atmospheric fallout

Abstract

Significant amounts of aerosolized Cr–Fe–Ni nanoparticles were detected in wild Dittrichia viscosa grown near steel manufacturing activities. Most of these nanoparticles were found on the plant shoots likely internalized via a foliar uptake process.