Abstract
Veterinary medicines are routinely used in animal husbandry and the environment may consequently be exposed to them via manure applications. This presents potential environmental and societal risks such as toxicological effects to aquatic/terrestrial organisms and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Regulatory studies that assess the degradability of veterinary antibiotics during manure storage currently permit the use of just one manure per animal type although we speculate that heterogenic properties such as pH could be driving significant variability within degradation rates. To bridge this knowledge gap and assess degradation variability with pH, laboratory degradation studies were performed on a broad range of antibiotics (ceftiofur, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and tylosin) at three different environmentally relevant pH levels (5.5, 7, and 8.5). The effect of pig slurry pH on degradation rates was found to be significant and compound specific. Usually, acidic slurries were found to inhibit degradation when compared to neutral pH, for florfenicol, tylosin, and ceftiofur; the associated changes in DT50 (half-life) values were 2–209 h, 35.28–234 h, and 0.98–2.13 h, respectively. In some circumstances alkaline slurries were observed to enhance the degradation rate when compared to those for neutral pH, for tylosin, the respective changes in DT50 values were from 3.52 to 35.28 h. Comparatively, the degradation of sulfamethoxazole was enhanced by acidic conditions compared to neutral (DT50 20.6–31.6 h). Tentative identification of unknown transformation products (TPs) was achieved for sulfamethoxazole and florfenicol for the first time in pig slurries. These results reveal the importance of considering slurry pH when assessing the degradation of antibiotic compounds, which has implications for the acidification of manures and the environmental risk assessment for veterinary medicines.Environmental relevance and significance: Given the significant effect of pig slurry pH on degradation rates, manure degradation studies need to be harmonised and standardized, taking into account the influence of pH.
Highlights
Livestock are routinely administered veterinary medicines to improve or protect animal health
The degradation data was best fit to Single First Order (SFO) kinetics for CFT, OTC, FLO and SMX, whereas TYL followed a bi-phasic degradation pattern, the First Order Multi Compartment (FOMC) was the best suited model (Fig. 1)
Under alkaline conditions TYL exhibited a ten-fold increase in degradation rate over that of neutral (3.52–35.26 h) (Fig. 1 and Table .2) (p ≤ 0.05)
Summary
Livestock are routinely administered veterinary medicines to improve or protect animal health. The environment is exposed to veterinary medicines via manure applications to land or directly via excretion from animals reared on pasture (Kem per, 2008). The usage of animal manures as a fertilizer is commonplace within agriculture, primarily due to its excellent nutrient content, and because application to land offers a suitable route for waste disposal (Potter et al, 2010; Lee, 2010; Bogaard et al, 2013; Salgado et al, 2019). Common on-farm practice is to store animal slurries, during which veterinary antibiotics are subject to various degradation and dissipation processes such as microbial mineralization, adsorption, hydrolysis, and chemical transformation (Lamshoft et al, 2010). Pig slurry is stored on average for 53 days within the EU, during which time veterinary medicines are subject to varying rates of degradation (EMA, 2016)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
