Assessing the impact of protonating acid combinations in e-cigarette liquids: a randomised, crossover study on nicotine pharmacokinetics

Abstract

The addition of protonating acids to e-cigarette liquid formulations (e-liquids) enhances nicotine bioavailability in e-cigarette use. However, little is known about the impact of different combinations of protonating acid on nicotine pharmacokinetics. The objectives of this study were to compare pharmacokinetics of nicotine absorption following use of a closed-system e-cigarette, containing e-liquids with two different nicotine levels and with different ratios of three common protonating acids—lactic, benzoic and levulinic. In a randomised, controlled, crossover study, nicotine pharmacokinetics and product liking were assessed for prototype e-liquids used in a Vuse e-cigarette containing either 3.5% or 5% nicotine and varying ratios of lactic, benzoic and/or levulinic acid. During an 8-day confinement period, 32 healthy adult current cigarette smokers/e-cigarette dual users used a single study e-liquid each day during 10-min fixed and ad libitum use periods after overnight nicotine abstinence. For most comparisons, Cmax and AUC0–60 following both fixed and ad libitum puffing were significantly higher for e-liquids containing 5% nicotine compared with 3.5% nicotine. However, Cmax and AUC0–60 were not statistically different for 5% nicotine e-liquids containing varying ratios of lactic, levulinic and benzoic acid when compared to an e-liquid containing lactic acid only. Mean scores for product liking were similar for all e-liquid formulations assessed, regardless of nicotine concentration, acid content, and whether the product was used in a fixed or ad libitum puffing regimen. While e-liquid nicotine concentration significantly affected users’ nicotine uptake, the different combinations of benzoic, levulinic and lactic acid in the e-liquids assessed had limited impact on nicotine pharmacokinetics and product liking scores.