Abstract
Arid ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to climate change, which is considered one of the serious global environmental issues that can cause critical challenges to the hydrological cycle in arid ecosystems. This work focused on assessing the effectiveness of supplemental irrigation to improve the actual soil moisture content in arid ecosystems and considering climate change impacts on soil moisture. The study was conducted at two fenced protected sites in Kuwait. The first site is naturally covered with Rhanterietum epapposum, whereas the other study site is a supplemented irrigated site, containing several revegetated native plants. The results showed that supplemental irrigation highly improved soil moisture (∆SM) during the winter season by >50%. However, during the summer season, the rainfed and irrigated site showed low ∆SM due to the high temperature and high evapotranspiration (ET) rates. We also found that ∆SM would negatively get impacted by climate change. The climate change projection results showed that temperature would increase by 12%–23%, ET would increase by 17%–19%, and precipitation would decrease by 31%–46% by 2100. Such climate change impacts may also shift the current ecosystem from an arid to a hyper-arid ecosystem. Therefore, we concluded that irrigation is a practical option to support the ∆SM during the low-temperature months only (spring and winter) since the results did not show any progress during the summer season. It is also essential to consider the possibility of future shifting in ecosystems and plant communities in restoration and revegetation planning.
Highlights
Freshwater is considered the bloodstream of the biosphere as it is needed to drive critical ecosystem processes and functions that provide numerous essential ecosystem services, including supporting, provisioning, and regulating agricultural services [1]
Water resources in arid ecosystems are dramatically influenced by human activities and climate, resulting in desertification, soil compaction, and the loss of ecosystem services, which, in turn, decreases the water resources in these regions [2,3]
Changes in the water budget may lead to drastic impacts on the desert ecosystems, including water storage, groundwater recharge, and the available water for native desert vegetation and agriculture irrigation
Summary
Freshwater is considered the bloodstream of the biosphere as it is needed to drive critical ecosystem processes and functions that provide numerous essential ecosystem services, including supporting, provisioning, and regulating agricultural services [1]. Climate change is one of the serious global environmental issues that can cause critical challenges to the hydrological cycle in arid ecosystems [9]. This illustrates that there is an urgent need to understand the effects of such changes on the water budget in arid ecosystems [10]. Irrigation programs need to be appropriately planed due to the scarce water resources in these regions; as well, over-watering may support vegetation survival initially, but increase soil salinity and negatively impact plant diversity over the long term [14]
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