Abstract
The Taiwan Bank (TB) is located in the southern Taiwan Strait, where the marine environments are affected by South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Branch Current in summer. The bottom water flows upward along the edge of the continental shelf, forming an upwelling region that is an essential high-productivity fishing ground. Using trophic dynamic theory, fishery resources can be converted into primary production required (PPR) by primary production, which indicates the environmental tolerance of marine ecosystems. This study calculated the PPR of benthic and pelagic species, sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling size, and net primary production (NPP) to analyze fishery resource structure and the spatial distribution of PPR in upwelling, non-upwelling, and thermal front (frontal) areas of the TB in summer. Pelagic species, predominated by those in the Scombridae, Carangidae families and Trachurus japonicus, accounted for 77% of PPR (67% of the total catch). The benthic species were dominated by Mene maculata and members of the Loliginidae family. The upwelling intensity was the strongest in June and weakest in August. Generalized additive models revealed that the benthic species PPR in frontal habitats had the highest deviance explained (28.5%). Moreover, frontal habitats were influenced by NPP, which was also the main factor affecting the PPR of benthic species in all three habitats. Pelagic species were affected by high NPP, as well as low SST and negative values of the multivariate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index in upwelling habitats (16.9%) and non-upwelling habitats (11.5%). The composition of pelagic species varied by habitat; this variation can be ascribed to impacts from the ENSO. No significant differences were noted in benthic species composition. Overall, pelagic species resources are susceptible to climate change, whereas benthic species are mostly insensitive to climatic factors and are more affected by NPP.
Highlights
The greatest monthly variations in environmental factors occurred in the upwelling habitat, where the minimal sea surface temperature (SST) ranged from 5.64 ◦ C to 27.61 ◦ C, maximal net primary production (NPP) ranged from 926.03 to 1273.86 mg·C·m−2 ·day−1, and upwelling area ranged from 136 to 194 km2 per grid (Figure 4b)
The monthly average data indicated that upwelling size and NPP were higher in June and July, and that in the waters around the Taiwan Bank (TB), the SST, which is lower in summer, generally differs among the three habitats
In upwelling, frontal, and non-upwelling habitats in the TB region in summer, variations in benthic primary production required (PPR) were correlated with changes in NPP
Summary
Located in the southern part of the Taiwan Strait (TS), the Taiwan Bank (TB) is characterized by sand dunes and shallow water (approximate depth 10–30 m). Three primary currents affect the waters around the TB: the Kuroshio Branch Current (KBC), South China. Sea Warm Current (SCSC), and China Coastal Current (CCC). These currents are defined by the seasonal monsoons [1,2,3]. The northeastward surface currents of the SCSC and KBC bringing the warm, saline, and oligotrophic water from the SCS to the ECS, which are predominantly driven by wind, and the bottom currents flow upward from the continental slope, forming upwellings with vertical mixing of different layers’ water (Figure 1) [1,2,3,4,5]. The upwelling and thermal front regions near the southern edge of the TB
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