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Abstract
AbstractTo track changes in pelagic biodiversity in response to climate change, it is essential to accurately define species boundaries. Shelled pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods that have been proposed as bio-indicators because of their vulnerability to ocean acidification. A particularly suitable, yet challenging group for integrative taxonomy is the pteropod genus Diacavolinia, which has a circumglobal distribution and is the most species-rich pteropod genus, with 24 described species. We assessed species boundaries in this genus, with inferences based on geometric morphometric analyses of shell-shape variation, genetic (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 28S rDNA sequences) and geographic data. We found support for a total of 13 species worldwide, with observations of 706 museum and 263 freshly collected specimens across a global collection of material, including holo‐ and paratype specimens for 14 species. In the Atlantic Ocean, two species are well supported, in contrast to the eight currently described, and in the Indo‐Pacific we found a maximum of 11 species, partially merging 13 of the described species. Distributions of these revised species are congruent with well-known biogeographic provinces. Combining varied datasets in an integrative framework may be suitable for many diverse taxa and is an important first step to predicting species-specific responses to global change.
Highlights
Integrative taxonomy aims to rigorously delimit species and prevent under‐ or overestimation of species numbers by statistically testing species hypotheses with diverse character and data types (Edwards & Knowles, 2014; Karanovic et al, 2016)
Within Group 5, a single specimen is assigned to a different molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) based on ABGD of c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene (COI) sequences (5B in Fig. 6), but because no geometric morphometric differences could be detected, it is not treated as a separate group
The two ABGD MOTUs in Group 5 are not supported by Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) and neither are the single specimens representing Groups 6, 7 and 13
Summary
Integrative taxonomy aims to rigorously delimit species and prevent under‐ or overestimation of species numbers by statistically testing species hypotheses with diverse character and data types (Edwards & Knowles, 2014; Karanovic et al, 2016). An increasing number of species is described each year as a result of the incorporation of new tools for species discovery, including virtual access to museum collections, advances in DNA sequencing, morphometric methods and geographic information systems (Vogler & Monaghan, 2006; Knapp, 2008). Such tools have enabled integrative taxonomic approaches, INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY OF DIACAVOLINIA 1017 distinct only in other genes, morphology or ecological niche space, or species numbers may be overestimated by the use of highly variable genetic markers. Integrative taxonomy will improve the accuracy of marine species delimitation, enable the identification of rare taxa and provide insights in current species distributions, with the potential to predict future range shifts
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