Abstract
This article examines the phenomenon of local resistance to regulation by instruments in the water sector. Governance failures are mainly explained by concentrating on governance design, considering regulation as a set of control mechanisms. We propose an alternative perspective by putting the emphasis on resistance phenomena within services. This is motivated by the observation of misuse of performance indicators by local actors in urban water systems in Europe. We assume that resistances have significant impact on regulation process and efficiency. Therefore, opening the black box of resistances, we show that they are frequent, impactful and not only the consequence of opportunism. These results underline a crucial limitation of public policies and regulations that are based on New public management or classical economics of regulation.
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