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Abstract
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is the most abundant cervid in Europe and, as such, has a considerable impact over several human activities. Accurate roe deer population size estimates are useful to ensure their proper management. We tested 3 methods for estimating roe deer abundance (drive counts, pellet-group counts, and camera trapping) during two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) in the Apennines (Italy) in order to assess their precision and applicability. During the study period, population density estimates were: drive counts 21.89±12.74 roe deer/km2 and pellet-group counts 18.74±2.31 roe deer/km2 in 2012; drive counts 19.32±11.12 roe deer/km2 and camera trapping 29.05±7.48 roe deer/km2 in 2013. Precision of the density estimates differed widely among the 3 methods, with coefficients of variation ranging from 12% (pellet-group counts) to 58% (drive counts). Drive counts represented the most demanding method on account of the higher number of operators involved. Pellet-group counts yielded the most precise results and required a smaller number of operators, though the sampling effort was considerable. When compared to the other two methods, camera trapping resulted in an intermediate level of precision and required the lowest sampling effort. We also discussed field protocols of each method, considering that volunteers, rather than technicians, will more likely be appointed for these tasks in the near future. For this reason, we strongly suggest that for each method managers of population density monitoring projects take into account ease of use as well as the quality of the results obtained and the resources required.
Highlights
In recent years, part of the scientific community in Europe raised doubts about the usefulness of methods for estimating large mammal population abundance in order to plan management options [1,2]
Three methods comparison alternative to population size estimates in areas where the focus is on controlling their impact on vegetation, it is less suitable for planning the management and conservation of large mammal populations [3]
Our study focuses on roe deer, which is the most abundant and widely distributed ungulate in Europe and likely the species most frequently involved in count activities by wildlife
Summary
Part of the scientific community in Europe raised doubts about the usefulness of methods for estimating large mammal population abundance in order to plan management options [1,2]. Given the difficulty in obtaining a reliable population estimate in the wild and adopting a more ecosystem-oriented approach, Morellet [2] proposed to focus on and monitor the impact of ungulates on forests and agricultural lands and to use it as a local environment-specific indicator of population levels. Rather than focusing on the mere number of individuals in a population, long-term monitoring programs should provide information on its trends, habitat requirements, the impacts of anthropogenic activities, and the damages that species caused to agriculture and forestry. The estimation of the damages, and the drivers affecting them, are important in the case of species which, such as deer, have a remarkable economic impact on human societies [5]
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