Assessing past and future COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States in light of federal policy changes.

Abstract

Vaccinations provide an effective solution against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Using a national survey (n = 3958), this study explored vaccination hesitancy for various COVID-19 vaccines and boosters, including the newly released annual vaccine for fall and winter 2023-2024. It also assessed support for federal funding for COVID-19 testing, vaccinations, and treatment. Consistent correlates of past vaccination refusal were perceptions of vaccines as safe and important, previous COVID-19 tests, concern about COVID-19, having voted for President Trump, higher religiosity, being liberal, trust in health institutions, health insurance status, and education. Other predictors showed inconsistent results across the various stages. Drivers of vaccination refusal were concerns about vaccine safety and side effects, perceived lack of information, and having previously contracted COVID-19. Intention to vaccinate was associated with concerns about COVID-19, liberalism, and trust in health institutions. Other factors were intermittently significant. We found consistent support for federal funding for those concerned about COVID-19, those concerned about the effectiveness of existing vaccines, those with trust in health institutions, those who thought vaccines are important, women, and those with lower levels of education. Opposition came from conservatives and Trump voters.