Abstract
Objective: Thiol/disulfide (T/DS) homeostasis represents a promising new approach to evaluate oxidative stress. Therefore, we aimed to examine T/DS homeostasis in vitamin D (VitD)-deficient patients.Methods: We enrolled 154 patients with VitD deficiency and 154 healthy control subjects in the study. For both groups, native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide values were measured. Additionally, considering the obtained 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] levels, the patient group was further divided into two subgroups (Group 1: <10 ng/mL, Group 2: 10-20 ng/mL), which were compared in more depth according to the specified parameters.Results: Values of native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide measured in the combination of Groups 1 and 2, comprising individuals with VitD deficiency, proved to be higher in comparison to the control group with statistical significance (p=0.007, p=0.028, and p<0.001, respectively). When subgroups were considered according to VitD classifications, native thiol and total thiol were again higher in Group 1 in comparison to the values obtained for control subjects (p=0.022; p<0.001). While the total thiol level of Group 2 was higher than that of controls (p<0.001), no difference with statistical significance was obtained in the comparison of disulfide levels among the indviduals of Group 1, Group 2, and the controls (p=0.081).Conclusion: In this study, among patients with VitD deficiency, we have confirmed that values of native thiol and total thiol were increased, while the T/DS balance was found to have shifted in favor of the thiol level.
Highlights
It is broadly accepted in the medical literature that inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the development of chronic diseases including, among others, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1,2]
The present study population comprised a total of 154 patients who were diagnosed as having vitamin D (VitD) deficiency together with 154 individuals without VitD deficiency as the control group
The values obtained for native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide for individuals in the overall VitD-deficient group were statistically significantly higher than corresponding levels obtained for control participants
Summary
It is broadly accepted in the medical literature that inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the development of chronic diseases including, among others, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1,2]. Studies have revealed that VitD deficiency raises one’s risk of various chronic metabolic diseases [3,4]. The particular mechanisms shaping the relationships that exist between VitD level and these chronic metabolic diseases are not fully understood at this time, VitD levels may potentially contribute to disease risk by affecting oxidative stress and/or inflammation. Obtained data clearly show that, in its biologically active form, VitD has in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [5,6]. Some cross-sectional and interventional research projects have further reported the effect of VitD on oxidative and inflammatory markers in circulation [5,7,8]
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