Abstract
We compared the impact of two different, but commonly consumed, beverages on integrative markers of exercise recovery following a 2 h high intensity interval exercise (i.e., running 70–80% V̇O2max intervals and interspersed with plyometric jumps). Participants (n = 11 males, n = 6 females) consumed a chocolate flavored dairy milk beverage (CM: 1.2 g carbohydrate/kg BM and 0.4 g protein/kg BM) or a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CEB: isovolumetric with 0.76 g carbohydrate/kg BM) after exercise, in a randomized-crossover design. The recovery beverages were provided in three equal boluses over a 30 min period commencing 1 h post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were performed at 0 h and 2 h in recovery. Venous blood samples, nude BM and total body water were collected before and at 0, 2, and 4 h recovery. Gastrointestinal symptoms and breath hydrogen (H2) were collected before exercise and every 30 min during recovery. The following morning, participants returned for performance assessment. In recovery, breath H2 reached clinical relevance of >10 ppm following consumption of both beverages, in adjunct with high incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms (70%), but modest severity. Blood glucose response was greater on CEB vs. CM (P < 0.01). Insulin response was greater on CM compared with CEB (P < 0.01). Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide stimulated neutrophil function reduced on both beverages (49%). p-GSK-3β/total-GSK-3β was greater on CM compared with CEB (P = 0.037); however, neither beverage achieved net muscle glycogen re-storage. Phosphorylation of mTOR was greater on CM than CEB (P < 0.001). Fluid retention was lower (P = 0.038) on CEB (74.3%) compared with CM (82.1%). Physiological and performance outcomes on the following day did not differ between trials. Interconnected recovery optimization markers appear to respond differently to the nutrient composition of recovery nutrition, albeit subtly and with individual variation. The present findings expand on recovery nutrition strategies to target functionality and patency of the gastrointestinal tract as a prerequisite to assimilation of recovery nutrition, as well as restoration of immunocompetency.
Highlights
The manipulation of recovery nutrition to promote physiological restoration, adaptation to training and, potentially, performance benefits is an established practice amongst athletes and a key theme in sports nutrition research
A main effect of time (MEOTime) was observed for peak [overall mean and 95% confidence interval (CI): 157 (155–159) bpm; P < 0.001] and recovered heart rate (HR) [119 (117–121) bpm; P < 0.001], rating of perceived exertion (RPE) [13 (13–13); P < 0.001], and thermal comfort rating (TCR) [9 (8– 9); P = 0.005]; whereby HR, RPE, and TCR increased as exercise progressed on CM and carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CEB), with no differences between trials observed, Tre increased pre- [36.8 (36.6–37.0)◦C] to postexercise [37.9 (37.7–38.1)◦C] on CM and CEB (P < 0.001), with no difference between trials observed
The current study aimed to investigate the impact of a carbohydrate- and protein-containing flavored dairy beverage and a non-nitrogenous carbohydrate electrolyte beverage on overall and integrative markers of acute recovery (i.e., exerciseinduced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS), immune function, muscle glycogen resynthesis, protein synthesis, rehydration, and subsequent performance outcomes the following day), after an exercise stress model known to perturb aspects of physiological and metabolic homeostasis
Summary
The manipulation of recovery nutrition to promote physiological restoration, adaptation to training and, potentially, performance benefits is an established practice amongst athletes and a key theme in sports nutrition research. Studies have meticulously investigated the optimal nutritional approach for isolated goals, such as, the replacement of energy substrate and body water losses, and repair of damaged tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle), leading to the development of generalized recommendations for each element of exercise recovery (Thomas et al, 2016). Bacteria and bacterial endotoxins may enter systemic circulation by physical breaks and (or) hyperpermeability in the gastrointestinal epithelium as a result of EIGS, leading to a pronounced systemic inflammatory response and (or) gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) (Snipe et al, 2017, 2018a; Bennett et al, 2020; Suzuki et al, 2020) The recovery of these exercise-induced physiological disturbances, returning to baseline levels and (or) assisting with adaptations to the exercise stress, is highly dependent on nutrient bioavailable during passive rest. Recovery outcomes are regulated by food and fluid choice and ingestion (i.e., nutrient density and water volume), and gastrointestinal functional responses to the intake load
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