Abstract
This work reports the fabrication of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with various biocompatible surfactants such as glutamic acid (GA), citric acid (CA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP), ethylene diamine (EDA) and cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) via co-precipitation method and their comparative inductive heating ability for hyperthermia (HT) applications. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses validated the formation of well crystallined inverse spinel structured Fe3O4 NPs (crystallite size of ~ 8–10 nm). Magnetic studies confirmed the superparamagnetic (SPM) behaviour for all the NPs with substantial magnetisation (63–68 emu/g) and enhanced magnetic susceptibility is attributed to the greater number of occupations of Fe2+ ions in the lattice as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, distinctive heating response (specific absorption rate, SAR from 130 to 44 W/g) of NPs with similar size and magnetisation is observed. The present study was successful in establishing a direct correlation between relaxation time (~ 9.42–15.92 ns) and heating efficiency of each surface functionalised NPs. Moreover, heat dissipated in different surface grafted NPs is found to be dependent on magnetic susceptibility, magnetic anisotropy and magnetic relaxation time. These results open very promising avenues to design surface functionalised magnetite NPs for effective HT applications.
Highlights
This work reports the fabrication of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with various biocompatible surfactants such as glutamic acid (GA), citric acid (CA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP), ethylene diamine (EDA) and cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) via co-precipitation method and their comparative inductive heating ability for hyperthermia (HT) applications
The motive of the present study is to investigate the effects of various surfactants on the structural, magnetic and thermal properties of SPM Fe3O4 NPs
The heating potentiality of aqueous stable biocompatible Fe3O4 NPs coated with various surfactants such as GA, CA, PEG, PVP, EDA and CTAB with well-defined particle size, shape, magnetic anisotropy and susceptibility was successfully investigated
Summary
This work reports the fabrication of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with various biocompatible surfactants such as glutamic acid (GA), citric acid (CA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP), ethylene diamine (EDA) and cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) via co-precipitation method and their comparative inductive heating ability for hyperthermia (HT) applications. Suitable surface modification of SPIONs with biocompatible materials is crucial for achieving desired particle size in nanometer scale with enhanced saturation magnetisation ( Ms) and stable ferro fluids. These biocompatible surface coatings can render a protective layer on the surface of SPIONs for proper attachment to the surface. Surface modification of MNPs enhances steric and electrostatic repulsion between particles thereby avoiding self-aggregation and oxidation This further assists in cellular uptake, stability, cell proliferation and viability, target specificity and prevents opsonisation when injected into the blood stream[9,10,11,12]. PMA-ATA (pyromellitic acid-2-aminoterephthalic acid) dual surfactant coated SPIONs exhibited an enhanced SAR compared to the single chain surfactant coated o nes[19]
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