Assessing Localized Contamination Hazard and Groundwater Quality Challenges in Water-Stressed Peri-Urban Accra, Ghana

Stephen Twumasi Annan,Collins Owusu-Fordjour,Bismark Yeboah Boasu,Bright Frimpong

doi:10.4236/gep.2022.101002

Stephen Twumasi Annan, Collins Owusu-Fordjour + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.101002

Copy DOI

Abstract

The study assesses the quality of hand dug wells in relation to distance from soakaway septic tanks in three selected peri-urban communities in the Ga West Municipality near Accra, Ghana. Water quality analyses of bio-physico-chemical variables (pH, Temperature, EC, turbidity, DO, BOD, TSS, TDS, sodium, potassium, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, sulphate, chloride, salinity, total alkalinity, total coliform, fecal coliforms and isolation of E. coli) were determined. Concentrations of the major nutrient anion sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, and chlorides in water samples at distances between 0 - 30 m radial distances from the septic tank were above the WHO permissible limit of drinking water compared to the control. All the water samples had high fecal and total coliform counts that exceeded the international standard of 0 per 100 mL of potable water with counts ranging from 0 - 143 cfu/100 ml and 53 - 463/100 ml for FC and TC respectively. High fecal coliform and detection of E. coli in most samples is an indication of fecal pollution possibly from their close proximity to soak away septic sewage. The high nutrient levels detected in samples at distances between 0 - 30 m as compared to the controls may also be attributed to its close proximity to septic tanks. This study, therefore, accentuates the need for the owners of the water points to site their water source at least 30m away from localized sources of pollution as well as treatment of groundwater before use.

Highlights

All the water samples had high fecal and total coliform counts that exceeded the international standard of 0 per 100 mL of potable water with counts ranging from 0 - 143 cfu/100 ml and 53 463/100 ml for fecal coliform (FC) and Total coliform (TC) respectively
Previous studies have concentrated on the causes and effects of groundwater contamination (Li et al, 2021; Lesser et al, 2018; Addo et al, 2011; Elumalai et al, 2020; Li & Wu, 2019; Schweitzer & Noblet, 2018; Aremu et al, 2011) with little attention paid to the contamination hazards and groundwater quality measurement challenges which this study aims at
Groundwater pollution has been attributed to the process of industrialization and urbanization that has progressively developed over time (Li et al, 2021) without any regard for environmental consequences which eventually results in the deterioration of physical, chemical and biological properties of water (Addo et al, 2011)

Summary

Introduction

Water is vital for life, well-being, food security and socio-economic development of mankind though, nearly half of all people in both developed and developing countries have problems with water contamination (Li et al, 2021), including infections or diseases associated with inadequate water supply (Li & Wu, 2019; Bartram et al, 2005), and the poor sources of water supply (Schweitzer & Noblet, 2018; Robertson et al, 1995). Groundwater pollution has been attributed to the process of industrialization and urbanization that has progressively developed over time (Li et al, 2021) without any regard for environmental consequences which eventually results in the deterioration of physical, chemical and biological properties of water (Addo et al, 2011)

Objectives

Methods

Conclusion