Abstract
The current study uses the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change livelihood vulnerability index (IPCC-LVI) approaches to assess household’s livelihood vulnerability in the Dipang watershed located in the Central Himalayan region of Nepal. Primary data was collected through various participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools such as direct observation, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and household surveys. Similarly, data on climatic variables were collected from the nearby meteorological station over 30 years (1987-2018). The mean annual average temperature increased by 0.036°C while the average rainfall decreased by 2.30 mm. Respondents perceived a similar trend of rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall intensity, dryness in the atmosphere, and dwindling water sources. The overall LVI score (0.416) indicated that the households are vulnerable to climate change. Food (0.642) and natural disasters and climate variability (0.566) were the most vulnerable among all contributing factors. Similarly, the overall LVI-IPCC score (0.104) indicated that the households were moderately vulnerable due to high exposure (0.566), sensitivity (0.448), and low adaptive capacity (0.334). The study findings suggest an urgent need to reduce high exposure to climate risks, improved livelihood strategies, and boost agricultural productivity and health in the watershed area.
Highlights
The GlobalizationIn the modern world, the telecommunications and global economic freedom have changed the landscape of people’s movements across the borders and world regions (Arnett, 2002)
Their characteristics are described as below: Below poverty line: In lowland districts, 62.92% respondents were below poverty line (BPL) category, whereas 74.58% were in BPL category in upland belt
Binary logistic model results: Out of the total of ten (10) explanatory variables included into the model, seven (7) were found to determine the renewable energy adoption decision of sample households (Table 4)
Summary
The GlobalizationIn the modern world, the telecommunications and global economic freedom have changed the landscape of people’s movements across the borders and world regions (Arnett, 2002). Plant breeders across several research institutes are relentlessly engaged in developing new rice varieties, which primarily focus on yield improvement. Though with a ‘push’ extension mechanism those varieties are adopted by farmers, to some extent, in a short run, but not accepted in the long run Because of this very reason, those newly developed varieties soon become redundant in the seed system of the state and farmers hardly get the varieties of their choice. This scenario inefficiently utilizes resources at breeding program and jeopardizes state’s ambition to attain food security through varietal replacement. This is more relevant in context of Odisha where participation of farmers in plant breeding program is largely negligible
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