Abstract
Climate change alters the impact of the environment on economies, and sustainable adaptation which may improve food security is embedded in the actualization of the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 13, and 14. Hence, this study contributes to the debate by measuring how farmers in the Northwestern region of Bangladesh adapt to climate change. A cross-sectional multistage random sampling is used to collect 500 data points by the face-to-face interview method. For robustness, the study demonstrates climate change adaptations, adaptation indices, and the sustainability indicators in social, economic, and environmental concepts using the composite indicator method. Also, Rasch analysis and marginal contribution were used to explain the adaptation indices. Finally, a trivariate Tobit regression is used to examine sustainability analyses of climate change adaptation strategies and explain how the climate change adaptations affect different dimensions of sustainability. The results showed that dominant male households, extended family, skilled farmers and food security influenced adaptation index as well as adaptation strategies like organic manure, changing planting dates, diseases tolerant varieties and irrigation. Though, most dominant strategies like irrigation and applying fertilizer are not sustainable. The study also found that farm size, credit access, and extension contact significantly affects sustainability. Moreover, off-farm activities, crop diversification, and using high-yield varieties are more sustainable adaptation strategies. Policy should be implemented on the basis of region and sustainable manner.
Highlights
The agricultural sector is burdened with the responsibility to tackle food security at the national and global levels (Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007; Barrett, 2010; FAOSTAT, 2015; Alam, 2016; Pandey et al, 2016; Adeleye et al, 2020; Osabohien et al, 2020)
This study aligns with the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 13, and 14 to evaluate the relationship between climate change strategies and rice farming sustainability in the northwestern region of Bangladesh
The study focuses on the leading climate change adaptation strategies and their implementation through the adaptation index and sustainability in economic, social, and environmental dimensions
Summary
The agricultural sector is burdened with the responsibility to tackle food security at the national and global levels (Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007; Barrett, 2010; FAOSTAT, 2015; Alam, 2016; Pandey et al, 2016; Adeleye et al, 2020; Osabohien et al, 2020). This study contributes to the literature by assessing the weighted climate change adaptation strategies of rice farmers in the Northwestern region in Bangladesh. The survey questionnaire included the 14 adaptation strategies such as irrigation, chemical fertilizer application, organic manure application, restructure cash flow and debt, crop rotation, offfarm activities, diseases tolerant varieties, changing planting dates, drought tolerance rice varieties, and crop diversification, which were identified in different studies in the drought-prone area (Ghosh et al, 2016; Eyasmin et al, 2017; Kabir et al, 2017). The sustainability of climate change adaptation strategies is measured by the socio-economic characteristics and the adjustment practices as well. This assumption can be expressed as follows:. Variables such as sustainability in three dimensions, age, sex, farming experience, education, farm size, access to extension services, credit accessibility, and 14 adaptation strategies
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