Abstract
Simple SummaryGas concentration is a relevant parameter for the estimation of emissions in dairy farms, but few studies have investigated the influence of cow behavior and barn management on gas concentrations in open buildings. In this study, concentrations of ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide were investigated in an open dairy barn in a hot Mediterranean climate. Since hot climate conditions cause heat stress to the cows, gas concentrations were statistically analyzed to assess whether variation of environmental and animal-related parameters produced significant effects on the level of gas concentrations in the barn environment. In this study, it was statistically proved that daily gas concentrations were influenced by both the effect of micro-climate conditions, connected with the barn typology, and of barn management on the animals. Therefore, the mitigation strategies for the reduction of these gases could be pursued through the improvement of the barn management aimed at modifying cow behavior and through the control of climatic conditions in relation to the building features.Measurement of gas concentrations constitutes basic knowledge for the computation of emissions from livestock buildings. Although it is well known that hot climate conditions increase gas emissions, in the literature the relation between gas concentrations from open barns and animal-related parameters has not been investigated yet. This study aimed at filling this gap by evaluating daily gas concentrations within an open-sided barn in hot Mediterranean climate. The influence of microclimatic parameters (MC) and cow behavior and barn management (CBBM) were evaluated for ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Results showed that both MC and CBBM affected concentrations of NH3 (p < 0.02), CH4 (p < 0.001), and CO2 (p < 0.001). Higher values of NH3 concentration were detected during the cleaning of the floor by a tractor with scraper, whereas the lowest NH3 concentrations were recorded during animal lying behavior. Measured values of CO2 and CH4 were highly correlated (C = 0.87–0.89) due to the same sources of production (i.e., digestion and respiration). The different management of the cooling systems during the two observation periods reduced significantly CH4 concentrations in the barn when the cooling system in the feeding area was switched off. Based on methodological choices due to the specific barn typology, parameters related to animals can provide information on the variation of gas concentrations in the barn environment in hot climate conditions.
Highlights
Agriculture and livestock farming are known to be activities with a great environmental impact
Among the main gases emitted from dairy farming, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), produced during enteric fermentation and manure management, have relevant impacts that contribute to global warming [1]. Though it is not considered a greenhouse gas (GHG), is ammonia (NH3), which is emitted during manure management and produces environmental impact, such us eutrophication, soil acidification, and nutrient-N enrichment of ecosystems [2,3,4,5]
This latter parameter depends on the gas concentration difference between indoor and outdoor when applying the CO2 mass balance method [6] for estimating emissions from naturally ventilated (NV) dairy houses
Summary
Agriculture and livestock farming are known to be activities with a great environmental impact. Among the main gases emitted from dairy farming, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), produced during enteric fermentation and manure management, have relevant impacts that contribute to global warming [1] Another atmospheric pollutant, though it is not considered a greenhouse gas (GHG), is ammonia (NH3), which is emitted during manure management and produces environmental impact, such us eutrophication, soil acidification, and nutrient-N enrichment of ecosystems [2,3,4,5]. The evaluation of the application of mitigation strategies and technologies for emission reduction requires a reliable quantification of gas emissions This quantification is based in turn on gas concentrations and the ventilation rate of livestock buildings. The knowledge of the variation of gas concentration in relation to the main parameters is of utmost importance
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