Assessing Hospital Pharmacists' Scope of Clinical Practice in Ontario.

Abstract

Expansion of the scope of pharmacists' activities in hospital is associated with reductions in adverse events and drug-related readmissions. However, the breadth of hospital pharmacists' clinical activities varies widely across Ontario due to provisions in the provincial Public Hospitals Act. Few data exist defining expanded scope in institutions across Ontario. The primary objective was to describe the scope of practice of hospital pharmacists in Ontario who were undertaking expanded clinical activities based on policies or medical directives. The secondary objectives included determining benefits, limitations, facilitators, and barriers associated with implementing these activities. A survey was sent to the pharmacy leadership of Groups A and B public hospitals across Ontario. The survey contained quantitative and qualitative questions focused on 3 domains of expanded-scope activities: adaptation, discontinuation, and renewal of medication orders; prescriptive authority; and drug monitoring. Of 56 hospitals invited, 46 (82%) submitted a survey response, with 1 exclusion (due to no response on some mandatory questions). The most common expanded-scope activity was independent performance of therapeutic drug monitoring (71%, 32/45). Pharmacists had the authority to independently adapt, discontinue, or renew inpatient medication orders in 60% (27/45) of hospitals, and could independently initiate medication orders in 20% (9/45). Barriers to implementing expanded-scope activities included limited time and staffing. Facilitators included proactive leadership, demonstrated clinical value, and strong rapport with other health care providers. Many institutions in Ontario have established polices to expand pharmacists' clinical activities, but there is a great deal of variability in scope of practice. Advocacy at the provincial level to unify scope of practice will help to optimize patient outcomes.