Assessing general strain theory and measures of victimization, 2002–2018

Abstract

General Strain Theory (GST) is one of the leading theories of crime and delinquency in the field of criminology, with victimization identified as a leading source of strain due to the frequency and prevalence of its experience. However, measures of victimization widely range from direct experiences of physical violence to vicarious or even anticipated victimization, making it difficult to isolate the explanatory contribution of GST on crime and delinquency. A systematic review was conducted of peer-reviewed articles to provide a concise understanding of the relationship between victimization and crime and delinquency. Particular attention was given to definitions and operationalization of victimization, as well as whether the studies used longitudinal or cross-sectional samples. Findings suggest a discernible correlation between physical victimization measures and engagement in substance use, bullying behaviors, and general delinquency. However, these findings may be conditioned by the exact operationalization of victimization and outcome measures utilized. More nuanced discussions of the findings, as well as theoretical and empirical implications, are included. • Correlation between direct physical experiences of victimization and substance use, bullying, and delinquent behaviors. • How victimization and outcome measures operationalized appear to condition the nature of their relationship. • Still unclear whether the source, frequency, or severity of victimization the more salient factor. • Cross-sectional studies more frequent, and results tend to show stronger support of GST.