Assessing body mass index stages, individual diabetes and hypertension history effects on the risk of developing hypertension among Ghanaians: A cross-sectional study.

Abstract

This study aimed to understand the relationship between body mass index (BMI),diabetes and hypertension history, and other risk of hypertension among Ghanaians. The BMI data are categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. The data were obtained from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO SAGE) Ghana Wave 2. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the variables, and the association between these variables and hypertension was assessed using the χ². Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between hypertension and different BMI levels and other variables. Obesity class II individuals have about a 4-fold higher risk of developing hypertension compared to underweight individuals. Obesity class III, class I, and preobesity individuals have approximately a 3-fold higher risk. Normal weight is associated with increased hypertension risk. Both males and females show a significant increase in hypertension risk across all BMI categories. History of hypertension is linked to a 2.2-fold increased risk. Diabetes history is associated with hypertension when considering other factors. Elevated hypertension risk is observed among married, divorced, and widowed males then never married males. Only widowed females showed an increased risk. Older age significantly increases hypertension risk, particularly in females. Vegetable servings reduce hypertension risk, while fruit servings are associated with an increased risk. Vigorous exercise increases hypertension risk, particularly in females. Regular check-ups are recommended for married, divorced, and widowed males, focusing on blood pressure (BP) levels. Regular exercise from young age helps lower BP in later years. Individuals with a history of hypertension should follow BP control measures. Encouraging the consumption of the right combination of vegetables and fruits can help lower BP. Female tobacco smoking should be strongly discouraged due to a 54% increased risk of developing hypertension.