Abstract
Diatoms usually dominate microphytobenthic biofilms in coastal and estuarine intertidal environments. Yet, functional studies on biofilms often skip species analysis because benthic diatoms are notoriously difficult to extract from sediments and challenging to identify at that taxonomic level. Valid, less time consuming, alternatives would surely be welcomed and increase the inclusion of community structure information in microphytobenthos ecophysiological studies. Starting with an original 181-species abundances matrix (OSM), obtained during a two-year spatial-temporal survey in a Tagus Estuary intertidal flat with contrasting sediment textures, the current study assessed the effectiveness of several approaches to species abundances analysis. The effect of excluding abundance data or rare species, the influence of taxonomic resolution or the use of size-based metrics on biotic multivariate patterns was tested and examined by an objective comparison that replicated these different approaches on three different levels: (1) inter-matrix correlations; (2) performance in several non-parametric multivariate analyses (ANOSIM, MDS); (3) correlations with the environmental dataset. When compared with the OSM, all matrices had strong or very strong positive correlations. All discriminated successfully spatial patterns, separating well assemblages from sandy and muddy sediments and all had significant correlations with the environmental dataset. Apart from the relative biovolume species matrix (BSM), only the species matrices were able to discriminate significantly temporal patterns. The exclusion of 48% of the rarest species had a negligible effect, with the common and original species abundances matrices having a ρ > 0.99 correlation. Of the alternative approaches to species abundances, species presence/absence and the genera abundances matrices yielded the best results overall. Genera presence/absence and the size-class matrices had intermediate performances, with the former performing comparatively poorly with regard to seasonal patterns. BSM had the lowest correlation environmental variable dataset (ρ = 0.598) and the worst overall performance in the other multivariate routines. This means that either a high-taxonomic resolution qualitative analysis (i.e. species presence/absence) or, in alternative, a genus level analysis retaining abundance data may be sufficient to describe basic spatial differences in estuarine intertidal flats. However, if seasonal variations in mudflat diatom assemblage structure are to be detected, species-level abundance data is still necessary.
Highlights
Diatoms are usually the most ubiquitous and dominant microalgal component of the microphytobenthos (MPB) communities in intertidal estuarine and coastal areas (MacIntyre et al, 1996; Hamels et al, 1998; Méléder et al, 2007)
While the knowledge on the MPB functional aspects has improved decisively during that period, the structural aspects of these diatom-dominated communities have been more scantily studied and only represent 20% of overall MPB publications of the last 30 years (Park et al, 2014). This trend is a consequence of the inherent difficulty of sampling and identifying marine and coastal benthic diatoms, which is rooted in many causes: (1) benthic microalgae are notoriously difficult to extract from the sediment (Muylaert et al, 2002); (2) a paucity of comprehensive taxonomic monographs (Sullivan and Currin, 2002; Trobajo and Sullivan, 2010) makes species identification and intercomparison between studies problematic (Underwood and Barnett, 2006); (3) the number experienced diatomists that routinely work on MPB assemblages in the last decades is only a small fraction of the ones working in freshwater benthic systems or with coastal phytoplankton (Ribeiro, 2010)
The Transformed species matrix (TSM) scored slightly lower correlations with both Original species matrix (OSM) and Common species matrix (CSM) (ρ = 0.911), implying that the fourth-root transformation of the dataset had a greater effect than the reduction from initial 181 taxa to 94 common taxa
Summary
Diatoms are usually the most ubiquitous and dominant microalgal component of the microphytobenthos (MPB) communities in intertidal estuarine and coastal areas (MacIntyre et al, 1996; Hamels et al, 1998; Méléder et al, 2007). While the knowledge on the MPB functional aspects has improved decisively during that period, the structural aspects of these diatom-dominated communities (i.e. species taxonomy, distribution, and diversity) have been more scantily studied and only represent 20% of overall MPB publications of the last 30 years (Park et al, 2014) This trend is a consequence of the inherent difficulty of sampling and identifying marine and coastal benthic diatoms, which is rooted in many causes: (1) benthic microalgae are notoriously difficult to extract from the sediment (Muylaert et al, 2002); (2) a paucity of comprehensive taxonomic monographs (Sullivan and Currin, 2002; Trobajo and Sullivan, 2010) makes species identification and intercomparison between studies problematic (Underwood and Barnett, 2006); (3) the number experienced diatomists (i.e. phycologists specialized in diatom taxonomy) that routinely work on MPB assemblages in the last decades is only a small fraction of the ones working in freshwater benthic systems or with coastal phytoplankton (Ribeiro, 2010). This means that research topics that rely on sound specieslevel identification and cell counts, such as distributional studies (Underwood et al, 1998) or the establishment of a diatom-based water quality index for estuaries, remain seriously underdeveloped (Trobajo and Sullivan, 2010)
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