Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid or core protein (Cp) can self-assemble to form an icosahedral capsid. It is now being pursued as a target for small-molecule antivirals that enhance the rate and extent of its assembly to yield empty and/or aberrant capsids. These small molecules are thus called core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs). We sought to understand the physical basis of CpAM-resistant mutants and how CpAMs might overcome them. We examined the effects of two closely related CpAMs, HAP12 and HAP13, which differ by a single atom but have drastically different antiviral activities, on the assembly of wild-type Cp and three T109 mutants (T109M, T109I, and T109S) that display a range of resistances. The T109 side chain forms part of the mouth of the CpAM binding pocket. A T109 mutant that has substantial resistance even to a highly active CpAM strongly promotes normal assembly. Conversely, a mutant that weakens assembly is more susceptible to CpAMs. In crystal and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of T=4 capsids with bound CpAMs, the CpAMs preferentially fit into two of four quasi-equivalent sites. In these static representations of capsid structures, T109 does not interact with the neighboring subunit. However, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of an intact capsid show that T109 of one of the four classes of CpAM site has a hydrophobic contact with the neighboring subunit at least 40% of the time, providing a physical explanation for the mutation's ability to affect capsid stability, assembly, and sensitivity to CpAMs.IMPORTANCE The HBV core protein and its assembly into capsids have become important targets for development of core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) as antivirals. Naturally occurring T109 mutants have been shown to be resistant to some of these CpAMs. We found that mutation of T109 led to changes in capsid stability and recapitulated resistance to a weak CpAM, but much less so than to a strong CpAM. Examination of HBV capsid structures, determined by cryo-EM and crystallography, could not explain how T109 mutations change capsid stability and resistance. However, by mining data from a microsecond-long all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, we found that the capsid was extraordinarily flexible and that T109 can impede entry to the CpAM binding site. In short, HBV capsids are incredibly dynamic and molecular mobility must be considered in discussions of antiviral mechanisms.
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.