Abstract
Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and proteins are essential to many growth and developmental processes. In plants, they exist in the plastids, mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus. Six types of Fe-S clusters are found in the plastid: classic 2Fe-2S, NEET-type 2Fe-2S, Rieske-type 2Fe-2S, 3Fe-4S, 4Fe-4S, and siroheme 4Fe-4S. Classic, NEET-type, and Rieske-type 2Fe-2S clusters have the same 2Fe-2S core; similarly, common and siroheme 4Fe-4S clusters have the same 4Fe-4S core. Plastidial Fe-S clusters are assembled by the sulfur mobilization (SUF) pathway, which contains cysteine desulfurase (EC 2.8.1.7), sulfur transferase (EC 2.8.1.3), Fe-S scaffold complex, and Fe-S carrier proteins. The plastidial cysteine desulfurase-sulfur transferase-Fe-S-scaffold complex system is responsible for de novo assembly of all plastidial Fe-S clusters. However, different types of Fe-S clusters are transferred to recipient proteins via respective Fe-S carrier proteins. This review focuses on recent discoveries on the molecular functions of different assembly and transfer factors involved in the plastidial SUF pathway. It also discusses potential points for regulation of the SUF pathway, relationships among the plastidial, mitochondrial, and cytosolic Fe-S assembly and transfer pathways, as well as several open questions about the carrier proteins for Rieske-type 2Fe-2S, NEET-type 2Fe-2S, and 3F-4S clusters.
Highlights
Iron–Sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are sulfide (S2−)-linked di-iron, tri-iron, or tetra-iron clusters found in metalloproteins
This review focuses on recent discoveries on the molecular functions of different types of proteins involved in the plastidial sulfur mobilization (SUF) pathway
Plastidial found in metalloproteins. Iron (Fe)-S clusters are assembled by the SUF pathway, which consists of Cys desulfurase nitrogen fixation S-like and 2 (NFS2), sulfur transferases SufE1, SufE2, and sulfur mobilization protein A1 (SufE3), SufBC2D scaffold complex, and carrier proteins
Summary
Iron–Sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are sulfide (S2−)-linked di-iron, tri-iron, or tetra-iron clusters found in metalloproteins. Loss-of-function AtSufE1 mutants are embryo lethal, indicating that SufE1 and Fe-S cluster assembly in plastids and mitochondria are essential during embryo development (Xu and Møller, 2006; Ye et al, 2006).
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