Assemblage and population-level consequences of forest fragmentation on bilateral asymmetry in tropical montane birds

Abstract

Habitat fragmentation has the potential to influence the development and thus the phenotype of organisms. The asymmetry of bilateral traits may be indicative of the extent to which developmental stability is compromised by the stressful conditions underlying fragmentation. Using an assemblage- and population-level approach, we explored asymmetry differences in tarsus and outermost tail feathers of birds inhabiting fragmented landscapes in the tropical Andes of Colombia. More than 2500 individuals of 185 species were mist-netted at nine forest sites representing continuous forest (> 1000 ha), medium- (70–110 ha), and small-sized (8–20 ha) fragments. Feathers showed true fluctuating asymmetry (FA), whereas tarsus presented a mixture of FA and directional asymmetry. Overall, asymmetry was lowest in continuous forest, and highest in small and medium fragments. These patterns remained unchanged when directionality and differences in species composition, abundance, and foraging tactics were considered. The population-level analyses showed a general trend of increased asymmetry variation in fragments, yet the responses were not always in the same direction. Increased asymmetry may represent an outcome of processes that contribute to the persistence of species in changing environments, and to the generation of phenotypic innovation, which suggests individual adjustments of development to deal with stress. This calls into question the deliberated application of FA as a biomonitoring tool for conservation. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 119–133. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Andes – Colombia – developmental stability – directional asymmetry – feathers – fluctuating asymmetry – Neotropical birds – tarsus.