Aspirine et hémostase

Abstract

Aspirin is one hundred years old, though its use has clearly evolved during the last 25 years. Identifying its action mechanism has allowed us to better understand the antithrombotic impact. Prostaglandin H synthetase (PGHS) is a bifunctional enzyme with cyclooxygenase and peroxydase activities. There are two isoforms: constitutive PGHS-1 and inducible PGHS-2. Aspirin irreversive acetylates the platelet cyclooxygenase involved in the formation of thromboxane A2, a powerful proaggregating agent and vasoconstrictor. More than 95% of inhibition of this synthesis takes place in two to three days using very weak doses of aspirin, on the order of 30 to 50 mg per day. Under some circumstances, this inhibition requires higher dosages. Certain clinical and biological circumstances could lead to a resistance to aspirin, making a readjustment of doses and sometimes complementary explorations necessary. The ISIS 2 study showed in an apparently irrefutable way the entry of aspirin into the antithrombotics arsenal, with a significant risk reduction of vascular death and recurrence of infarctus. Numerous studies have confirmed this efficacy. Consensus studies are based on information showing total coherence between the dose necessary to acetylate the enzyme to inhibit thromboxane A2 platelet production and the clinical antithrombotic effect. Aspirin seems to have a secure place, and it begins the third millennium in relative peace with new extra-platelet potentialities outside the framework of hemostasis and thrombosis.