Abstract
Background: Male newborns have a greater risk of poor cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes compared to females. The mechanisms associated with the “male disadvantage” remains unclear. We have previously shown no difference between male and female newborn piglets during hypoxia, asphyxia, resuscitation, and post-resuscitation recovery. However, it is unknown if there are differences in resuscitation outcomes between males and females during different cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques.Intervention and Measurements: Secondary analysis of 184 term newborn mixed breed duroc piglets (1–3 days of age, weighing 2.0 (0.2) kg) from seven different studies, which were exposed to 30–50 min of normocapnic hypoxia followed by asphyxia until asystole. This was followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For the analysis, piglets were divided into male and female groups, as well as resuscitation technique groups (sustained inflation, 3:1 compression-to-ventilation ratio, or asynchronous ventilations during chest compressions). Cardiac function, carotid blood flow, and cerebral oxygenation were continuously recorded throughout the experiment.Main results: Regardless of resuscitation technique, there was no significant difference between males and females in the number achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) [95/123 (77%) vs. 48/61 (79%)], the time to achieve ROSC [112 (80–185) s vs. 110 (77–186) s], and the 4-h survival rate [81/95 (85%) vs. 40/48 (83%)]. Levels of the injury markers interleukin (IL)−1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in frontoparietal cortex tissue homogenates were similar between males and females.Conclusions: Regardless of resuscitation technique, there was no significant effect of sex on resuscitation outcome, survival, and hemodynamic recovery in asphyxiated newborn piglets.
Highlights
It is widely recognized that male newborns are disadvantaged in terms of many health outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes, compared to female newborns [1]
Data are presented as median (IQR); MAP, Mean arterial blood pressure; chest compressions (CC)+SI, chest compression superimposed during sustained inflation; 3:1 C:V, Compression:Ventilation ratio; CC with asynchronous ventilations (CCaV), chest compression with asynchronized ventilation
Data are presented as median (IQR) unless indicated #n(%); CC+SI, chest compression superimposed during sustained inflation; 3:1 C:V, Compression:Ventilation ratio; CCaV, chest compression with asynchronized ventilation
Summary
It is widely recognized that male newborns are disadvantaged in terms of many health outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes, compared to female newborns [1]. Even though the male disadvantage is reported by many studies in newborn humans and animals, we have previously shown no difference between male and female newborn piglets during hypoxia, asphyxia, resuscitation, and post-resuscitation recovery [14]. Intervention and Measurements: Secondary analysis of 184 term newborn mixed breed duroc piglets (1–3 days of age, weighing 2.0 (0.2) kg) from seven different studies, which were exposed to 30–50 min of normocapnic hypoxia followed by asphyxia until asystole. Carotid blood flow, and cerebral oxygenation were continuously recorded throughout the experiment
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