Abstract
During the last ten days of January 1995 the catchment area of the River Rhine received an area-averaged 100 mm of precipitation. This corresponds to 200 per cent of the long-term average for the entire month. All of this precipitation was immediately discharged as surface runoff since the soils were already saturated. Many major tributaries of the River Rhine flooded, and there were record water levels along the lower Rhine. On 30 January the water level at Cologne rose to 10.69m. This was exactly the value reached during the great New Year flood of 1926 and 6cm more than the third worst flood since 1780, which occurred at Christmas 1993 (Fig. 1). The January 1995 flood caused considerable economic loss but this was, however, less than the loss result-
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