Abstract
Background: Asian sand dust (ASD) and Aspergillus fumigatus are known risk factors for airway mucosal inflammatory diseases. Bacterial and fungal biofilms commonly coexist in chronic rhinosinusitis and fungus balls. We evaluated the effects of ASD on the development of A. fumigatus biofilm formation on nasal epithelial cells. Methods: Primary nasal epithelial cells were cultured with A. fumigatus conidia with or without ASD for 72 h. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 from nasal epithelial cells was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of ASD on A. fumigatus biofilm formation were determined using crystal violet, concanavalin A, safranin staining, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Results: ASD and A. fumigatus significantly enhanced the production of IL-6 and IL-8 from nasal epithelial cells. By coculturing A. fumigatus with ASD, the dry weight and safranin staining of the fungal biofilms significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. However, the increased level of crystal violet and concanavalin A stain decreased after 72 h of incubation. Conclusions: ASD and A. fumigatus induced the production of inflammatory chemical mediators from nasal epithelial cells. The exposure of A. fumigatus to ASD enhanced the formation of biofilms. The coexistence of ASD and A. fumigatus may increase the development of fungal biofilms and fungal inflammatory diseases in the sinonasal mucosa.
Highlights
Aspergillus fumigatus is ubiquitous in the environment and is commonly associated with a wide range of human airway diseases
A. fumigatus conidia enter the upper and lower respiratory tract by inhalation, but A. fumigatus is rarely pathogenic in healthy individuals due to the innate immune defense system of the airway mucosa, which includes macrophages, the mucociliary clearance system, and pattern recognition receptors in epithelial cells [1,2]
Bacterial and fungal biofilms commonly coexist in the sinus cavity in sinus fungus balls (FB) and in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) [5,6]
Summary
Aspergillus fumigatus is ubiquitous in the environment and is commonly associated with a wide range of human airway diseases. Filamentous growth and the dense accumulation of fungal hyphae are characteristics of fungus balls (FB). Bacterial and fungal biofilms commonly coexist in the sinus cavity in sinus FB and in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) [5,6]. Asian sand dust (ASD) and Aspergillus fumigatus are known risk factors for airway mucosal inflammatory diseases. Bacterial and fungal biofilms commonly coexist in chronic rhinosinusitis and fungus balls. We evaluated the effects of ASD on the development of A. fumigatus biofilm formation on nasal epithelial cells. Methods: Primary nasal epithelial cells were cultured with A. fumigatus conidia with or without ASD for 72 h. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 from nasal epithelial cells was determined by the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. The effects of ASD on A. fumigatus biofilm formation were determined using crystal violet, concanavalin A, safranin staining, and confocal scanning laser microscopy
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