Ascorbate is particularly effective against LDL oxidation in the presence of iron(III) and homocysteine/cystine at acidic pH

Abstract

Metal-catalyzed LDL oxidation is enhanced by the presence of homocysteine. In this study, the effectiveness of ascorbic acid against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by iron(III) and copper(II) in the presence of homocysteine and the main plasma disulfide cystine was investigated. Relative to the degree of LDL oxidation reached in the absence of antioxidants, ascorbic acid was particularly effective against iron-catalyzed LDL oxidation at pH 6.0. This can be explained from its stability under acidic conditions and is likely to be important in ischemia, in inflammation and exhausting exercise. At pH 7.4, an ascorbic acid concentration at least as high as the concentration of homocysteine might be necessary to efficiently inhibit LDL oxidation by iron(III) and copper(II) in the presence of homocysteine and cystine. Histidine increased the efficiency of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant against copper-mediated oxidation in this system. The capacity of homocysteine to regenerate ascorbic acid from dehydroascorbic acid appeared to play a minor role in inhibition of ascorbic acid oxidation by copper as compared to copper chelation by homocysteine.