Abstract
The work described in the paper emphasizes the importance of integrating imagery and laser scanner techniques (TLS) to optimize the geometry and visual quality of Heritage BIM. The fusion-based workflow was approached during the recording of Zee Ain Historical Village in Saudi Arabia. The village is a unique example of traditional human settlements, and represents a complex natural and cultural heritage site. The proposed workflow divides data integration into two levels. At the basic level, UAV photogrammetry with enhanced mobility and visibility is used to map the ragged terrain and supplement TLS point data in upper and unaccusable building zones where shadow data originated. The merging of point clouds ensures that the building’s overall geometry is correctly rebuilt and that data interpretation is improved during HBIM digitization. In addition to the correct geometry, texture mapping is particularly important in the area of cultural heritage. Constructing a realistic texture remains a challenge in HBIM; because the standard texture and materials provided in BIM libraries do not allow for reliable representation of heritage structures, mapping and sharing information are not always truthful. Thereby, at the second level, the workflow proposed true orthophoto texturing method for HBIM models by combining close-range imagery and laser data. True orthophotos have uniform scale that depicts all objects in their respective planimetric positions, providing reliable and realistic mapping. The process begins with the development of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) by sampling TLS 3D points in a regular grid, with each cell uniquely associated with a model point. Then each DSM cell is projected in the corresponding perspective imagery in order to map the relevant spectral information. The methods allow for flexible data fusion and image capture using either a TLS-installed camera or a separate camera at the optimal time and viewpoint for radiometric data. The developed workflows demonstrated adequate results in terms of complete and realistic textured HBIM, allowing for a better understanding of the complex heritage structures.
Highlights
Digital Surface Model (DSM) by sampling terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) 3D points in a regular grid, with each cell uniquely associated with a model point
BIM applications in heritage have been identified in a variety of areas, including conservation and restoration activities [1,2,3], structural analysis and monitoring [4,5,6], facility management [7,8,9], virtual and augmented reality (VR) [10,11], etc
The article proposed a method for efficient HBIM texture mapping based on true orthophoto produced from the laser scanner point cloud and close-range imagery
Summary
BIM applications in heritage have been identified in a variety of areas, including conservation and restoration activities [1,2,3], structural analysis and monitoring [4,5,6], facility management [7,8,9], virtual and augmented reality (VR) [10,11], etc. Color image information is indispensable for features such as frescos, decorative elements, and mosaics, and considered as a requirement application for visualization and animation purposes [37] This is not an issue with current BIM platforms because the primary objective is to manage a new structure, so visual effects are less important. TLS data is complemented with a carefully designed nadir and convergent UAV camera network with abundant GCPs to ensure complete coverage of the village topography, roofs, and inaccessible facades Both datasets were registered using the ICP algorithm and georeferenced using the Ain al bed’s local coordinate. The article proposed a method for efficient texture mapping of HBIM using orthophoto produced from the laser scanner camera or an independent camera which captured the imagery at optimum time and place for spectral information.
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