Artificial Intelligence–Based Tool for Tumor Detection and Quantitative Tissue Analysis in Colorectal Specimens

Abstract

Digital pathology adoption allows for applying computational algorithms to routine pathology tasks. Our study aimed to develop a clinical-grade artificial intelligence (AI) tool for precise multiclass tissue segmentation in colorectal specimens (resections and biopsies) and clinically validate the tool for tumor detection in biopsy specimens. The training data set included 241 precisely manually annotated whole-slide images (WSIs) from multiple institutions. The algorithm was trained for semantic segmentation of 11 tissue classes with an additional module for biopsy WSI classification. Six case cohorts from 5 pathology departments (4 countries) were used for formal and clinical validation, digitized by 4 different scanning systems. The developed algorithm showed high precision of segmentation of different tissue classes in colorectal specimens with composite multiclass Dice score of up to 0.895 and pixel-wise tumor detection specificity and sensitivity of up to 0.958 and 0.987, respectively. In the clinical validation study on multiple external cohorts, the AI tool reached sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity of up to 0.969 for tumor detection in biopsy WSI. The AI tool analyzes most biopsy cases in less than 1 minute, allowing effective integration into clinical routine. We developed and extensively validated a highly accurate, clinical-grade tool for assistive diagnostic processing of colorectal specimens. This tool allows for quantitative deciphering of colorectal cancer tissue for development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and personalization of oncologic care. This study is a foundation for a SemiCOL computational challenge. We open-source multiple manually annotated and weakly labeled test data sets, representing a significant contribution to the colorectal cancer computational pathology field.