Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell loss and failure with subsequent deficiency of insulin production is the hallmark of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and late-stage type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite the availability of parental insulin, serious complications of both types are profound and endemic. One approach to therapy and a potential cure is the immunoisolation of β cells via artificial cell microencapsulation (ACM), with ongoing promising results in human and animal studies that do not depend on immunosuppressive regimens. However, significant challenges remain in the formulation and delivery platforms and potential immunogenicity issues. Additionally, the level of impact on key metabolic and disease biomarkers and long-term benefits from human and animal studies stemming from the encapsulation and delivery of these cells is a subject of continuing debate. The purpose of this review is to summarise key advances in this field of islet transplantation using ACM and to explore future strategies, limitations, and hurdles as well as upcoming developments utilising bioengineering and current clinical trials.
Highlights
This review will briefly outline diabetes mellitus with an overview, and explore the current treatments and limitations, including the existing transplantation options that are available as replacement therapy for the pancreas; secondly a comprehensive outline will be presented, highlighting various delivery platforms for islet cells and pharmaceutical technology involving multiple formulatory options and insulinoma cell lines which may be used for testing
Keywords used included “diabetes mellitus”, “transplantation”, “β-cell line”, “artificial cell microencapsulation”, “pancreatic islets”, “bile acids” and “alginate.” If nonpancreatic cell lines were discussed, it was not included in the manuscript
It is presumed that such a metabolic disorder will continue to increase in prevalence over time, due to a multitude of factors. This is predicted by the International Diabetes Federation, with over 643 million people expected to be living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) by 2030
Summary
This review will briefly outline diabetes mellitus with an overview, and explore the current treatments and limitations, including the existing transplantation options that are available as replacement therapy for the pancreas; secondly a comprehensive outline will be presented, highlighting various delivery platforms for islet cells and pharmaceutical technology involving multiple formulatory options and insulinoma cell lines which may be used for testing. The limitations of these techniques will be outlined, providing an insight into fu-
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