Artificial brain. Biological and artificial neural networks, advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for development

Abstract

The article analyzes the problem of developing artificial neural networks within the framework of creating an artificial brain. The structure and functions of the biological brain are considered. The brain performs many functions such as controlling the organism, coordinating movements, processing information, memory, thinking, attention, and regulating emotional states, and consists of billions of neurons interconnected by a multitude of connections in a biological neural network. The structure and functions of biological neural networks are discussed, and their advantages and disadvantages are described in detail compared to artificial neural networks. Biological neural networks solve various complex tasks in real-time, which are still inaccessible to artificial networks, such as simultaneous perception of information from different sources, including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, recognition and analysis of signals from the environment with simultaneous decision-making in known and uncertain situations. Overall, despite all the advantages of biological neural networks, artificial intelligence continues to rapidly progress and gradually win positions over the biological brain. It is assumed that in the future, artificial neural networks will be able to approach the capabilities of the human brain and even surpass it. The comparison of human brain neural networks with artificial neural networks is carried out. Deep neural networks, their training and use in various applications are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail. Possible ways for further development of this direction are analyzed. The Human Brain project aimed at creating a computer model that imitates the functions of the human brain and the advanced artificial intelligence project – ChatGPT – are briefly considered. To develop an artificial brain, a new type of neural network is proposed – neural-like growing networks, the structure and functions of which are similar to natural biological networks. A simplified scheme of the structure of an artificial brain based on a neural-like growing network is presented in the paper.