Abstract
Agarwood is the resinous infected wood obtained from Aquilaria species, which is a highly priced product in the flavour and fragrance market. Its formation is a complex process of interaction between the plant, insect, and microorganisms. Multiple studies concerning the interaction of microorganisms with the Aquilaria tree have been reported. However, the significant interaction between the insect Zeuzera conferta Walker (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) with Aquilaria has been overlooked, and only exiguous studies have been accomplished. Considering the dearth of available literature on this interesting phenomenon a review has been attempted. The taxonomical and morphological descriptions proffered by researchers and the insect life cycle are discussed. The review lays emphasis on the chemical ecology of the interaction between Z. conferta, Aquilaria and associating microorganisms as a possible continuum operating in the form of complex chemical signalling via release and sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles (HIPVs) and Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs). The review also scrutinizes the future perspectives of understanding the interaction in devising suitable management strategies to prevent uncontrolled infestation and, simultaneously, develop artificial rearing technology for the insect Z. conferta as a strategy for ensuring sustainable livelihood of farmers dependent on agarwood production.
Highlights
The GlobalizationIn the modern world, the telecommunications and global economic freedom have changed the landscape of people’s movements across the borders and world regions (Arnett, 2002)
Their characteristics are described as below: Below poverty line: In lowland districts, 62.92% respondents were below poverty line (BPL) category, whereas 74.58% were in BPL category in upland belt
Binary logistic model results: Out of the total of ten (10) explanatory variables included into the model, seven (7) were found to determine the renewable energy adoption decision of sample households (Table 4)
Summary
The GlobalizationIn the modern world, the telecommunications and global economic freedom have changed the landscape of people’s movements across the borders and world regions (Arnett, 2002). Plant breeders across several research institutes are relentlessly engaged in developing new rice varieties, which primarily focus on yield improvement. Though with a ‘push’ extension mechanism those varieties are adopted by farmers, to some extent, in a short run, but not accepted in the long run Because of this very reason, those newly developed varieties soon become redundant in the seed system of the state and farmers hardly get the varieties of their choice. This scenario inefficiently utilizes resources at breeding program and jeopardizes state’s ambition to attain food security through varietal replacement. This is more relevant in context of Odisha where participation of farmers in plant breeding program is largely negligible
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