Abstract
Vibrio cholerae virulence is regulated by the ToxR regulon in response to unknown intestinal cues. In the 1980s, in vitro virulence-activating conditions, called AKI conditions, were developed. While AKI conditions facilitated virulence studies in the laboratory, the virulence-inducing cues remained unknown. Bina et al. (e00441-21) demonstrate that bile salts present in AKI medium are critical for virulence activation. They further show that the ToxR regulon was preferentially activated by bile salts that predominate in the proximal intestine, suggesting that specific bile salts may function as spatial cues that modulate V. cholerae virulence in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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