Abstract
The patency of long-term hemodialysis access in end-stage renal disease patients remains a significant challenge. The distal axillary vein is usually considered the central venous endpoint for hemodialysis access. The use of the proximal axillary vein with an infra-clavicular incision is often avoided due to perceived morbidity. A hybrid graft with its venous outflow placed in the proximal axillary vein can extend the options of upper extremity access procedures. We reviewed our early experience with this technique.
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