Abstract
Arterial hypertension (AH) is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), leading to dysfunction of many organs, including the heart, blood vessels and kidneys. AH is a multifactorial disease. It has been suggested that the development of each factor is influenced by oxidative stress, which is characterized by a disturbed oxidant-antioxidant balance. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an impaired antioxidant system promote the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED), inflammation and increased vascular contractility, resulting in remodeling of cardiovascular (CV) tissue. The hope for restoring the proper functioning of the vessels is placed on antioxidants, and pharmacological strategies are still being sought to reverse the harmful effects of free radicals. In our review, we focused on the correlation of AH with oxidative stress and inflammation, which are influenced by many factors, such as diet, supplementation and pharmacotherapy. Studies show that the addition of a single dietary component may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure (BP) values; however, the relationship between the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties of individual dietary components and the hypotensive effect is not clear. Moreover, AH pharmacotherapy alleviates the increased oxidative stress, which may help prevent organ damage.
Highlights
Arterial hypertension (AH) is a chronic condition characterized by a blood pressure (BP) value at which the benefits of therapy outweigh its risks
O2 − /H2 O2 has been shown to activate inflammatory cells by stimulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. It is worth noting the relationship between the quantity of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and the increased production and release of proinflammatory cytokines from blood cells, as well as the accumulation of damaged mitochondria producing ROS in greater amounts as a result of the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is associated with the subsequent overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines
The relationship between chia’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to its hypotensive effects remains unclear, with a demonstrated reduction in lipid peroxidation accompanied by no change in inflammatory markers; the authors of this study suggest that additional studies are needed [31]
Summary
Arterial hypertension (AH) is a chronic condition characterized by a blood pressure (BP) value at which the benefits of therapy outweigh its risks. It leads to dysfunction of many organs, including, but not limited to, the heart and blood vessels, kidneys, eyes (hypertensive retinopathy) and increased risk of brain damage [1]. AH is a disease in which incidence increases with age [6] It is a multifactorial illness, and it has been suggested that the development of each factor is influenced by oxidative stress, which is characterized by a disturbed oxidative-antioxidative balance [7,8,9]. Renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation deepens remodeling of the CV tissue, promoting inflammation [12] All these physiological changes appear with increasing age, but AH accelerates these processes [6]
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