Arterial hypertension in the era of obesity bias: the impact of obesity status on pharmacological treatment intensification in patients with diabetes

Abstract

Abstract Background Obesity is recognized as a significant risk factor for several chronic conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension. Despite the growing healthcare needs of individuals with obesity, they often encounter obesity bias, potentially impacting the quality of medical care they receive. Purpose The aim of this study was to explore the impact of obesity on the appropriateness of antihypertensive treatment decisions in individuals with concurrent diabetes and hypertension. Methods In this multicenter cross-sectional study, patients with type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension who were receiving outpatient care across four centers in Southern Brazil were enrolled. Participants were categorized into two groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI): eutrophic (BMI <25.0 kg/m²) and patients with obesity (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m²). The primary outcome evaluated was the difference in pharmacological treatment decisions for hypertension between groups, considering individualized hypertension targets from American Diabetes Association (ADA), European Society of Hypertension (ESH), and European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Analysis was conducted on whether patients failed to receive necessary treatment intensification, comparing groups through multivariable logistic regression. Results The study comprised 204 individuals with type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension, including 53 eutrophic and 151 patients with obesity. It was observed that patients with obesity more frequently fail to receive appropriate treatment intensification when compared to eutrophic individuals. This finding was statistically significant across the hypertension targets set by the ESH (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] 2.03 [95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.08-3.83], p = 0.022), ESC (adjusted OR 1.94 [95% CI 1.03-3.65], p = 0.035), and ADA (adjusted OR 2.01 [95% CI 1.07-3.79], p = 0.021). Conclusion The study indicates that obesity may contribute to disparities in the management of hypertension, suggesting a link between obesity status and therapeutic inertia in treating arterial hypertension among these patients.