Arterial Blood Gas as a Predictor of Mortality in COVID Pneumonia Patients Initiated on Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Retrospective Analysis.

Abstract

ABSTRACTBackground: The alveolar–arterial oxygen (A–a) gradient measures the difference between the oxygen concentration in alveoli and the arterial system, which has considerable clinical utility.Materials and methods: It was a retrospective, observational cohort study involving the analysis of patients diagnosed with acute COVID pneumonia and required noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) over a period of 3 months. The primary objective was to investigate the utility of the A–a gradient (pre-NIV) as a predictor of 28-day mortality in COVID pneumonia. The secondary objective included the utility of other arterial blood gas (ABG) parameters (pre-NIV) as a predictor of 28-day mortality. The outcome was also compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. The outcome variables were analyzed by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Youden index, and regression analysis.Results: The optimal criterion for A–a gradient to predict 28-day mortality was calculated as ≤430.43 at a Youden index of 0.5029, with the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.755 (p <0.0001). On regression analysis, the odds ratio for the A–a gradient was 0.99. A significant difference was observed in ABG predictors, including PaO2, PaCO2, A–a gradient, AO2, and arterial–alveolar (a–A) (%) among nonsurvivors vs survivors (p-value <0.001). The vasopressor requirement, need for renal replacement therapy, total parenteral requirement, and blood transfusion were higher among nonsurvivors; however, a significant difference was achieved with the vasopressor need (p <0.001).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the A–a gradient is a significant predictor of mortality in patients initiated on NIV for worsening respiratory distress in COVID pneumonia. All other ABG parameters also showed a significant AUC for predicting 28-day mortality, although with variable sensitivity and specificity.Key messages: COVID-19 pneumonia shows an initial presentation with type 1 respiratory failure with increased A–a gradient, while a subsequent impending type 2 respiratory failure requires invasive ventilation.A significant difference was observed in ABG predictors, including PaO2, PaCO2, A–a gradient, AO2, and a–A (%) among nonsurvivors vs survivors. (p-value <0.001).The vasopressor requirement, need for renal replacement therapy, total parenteral requirement, and blood transfusion need were higher among nonsurvivors than survivors; however, a significant difference was achieved with the vasopressor need (p <0.001).How to cite this article: Gupta B, Jain G, Chandrakar S, Gupta N, Agarwal A. Arterial Blood Gas as a Predictor of Mortality in COVID Pneumonia Patients Initiated on Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Retrospective Analysis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(8):866–871.