Abstract
The angle reference, the reference for the angles of all bus voltages in a power system, has been specified conventionally on the slack bus in power flow computation(e.g., θ₁=0), however, it can be specified on any bus in the system without affecting the power flow solution. In this paper, loss sensitivities, ∂P<SUB>loss</SUB>/∂P<SUB>G</SUB>, ∂P<SUB>loss</SUB>/∂Q<SUB>G</SUB>, Q<SUB>loss</SUB>/∂P<SUB>G</SUB> and ∂Q<SUB>loss</SUB>/∂Q<SUB>G</SUB>, of all generators including the slack bus are derived by specifying the angle reference on a load bus that has no generation using the nature of the Jacobian matrix which is re-constructed by transposition of the angle reference bus.<BR>With these loss sensitivities, this paper shows the following four example applications to power system computation:<BR>New calculation of penalty factors for classical ELD computation<BR>Optimal P-Q generation for cost minimization<BR>Optimal P generation for system loss minimization<BR>Optimal P-Q generation for system loss minimization<BR>Derived loss sensitivities and application algorithms are tested and verified on a sample system.
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