Abstract
Background HIV infection is marked by the production of cytokines by infected cells and cells of the immune system. Variations in the levels of cytokine in HIV-infected individuals significantly impact the role of the immune system with the possibility to affect the course of HIV disease by either exacerbating or suppressing HIV replication. Aim The study sought to investigate the effect of sociodemographic indices, clinical laboratory parameters, and ART regimen on Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in HIV patients. Materials and methods A total of two hundred (200) HIV patients on either the first or second line of ART were recruited into the study. Sociodemographic indices were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Serum concentrations of two major immune-promoting cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ, and immune-suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and IL-17, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T-test and chi-square were used to compare mean scores, while correlation (Pearson's correlation) and linear regression analyses were also performed with the statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age of the participants was (45.54 ± 0.7846) years with a greater proportion (84.5%) between 31 and 60 years. The mean interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin- (IL-) 10, interleukin-12, and interleukin-17 were estimated to be 349.9 ± 8.391 pg/ml, 19.32 ± 0.4593 pg/ml, 19.23 ± 0.3960 pg/ml, and 24.6 ± 0.6207 pg/ml, respectively. Although INF-γ and IL-17 levels were relatively higher in males compared to females, it was vice versa for IL-10 and IL-12. However, none of these was statistically significant. Again, no significant difference was observed among all the cytokines stratified by the duration of ART, stage of HIV, and smoking status. Most importantly, stratification by either first- or second-line ART regimens recorded no significant difference in cytokine levels. Age significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = −0.27, p ≤ 0.001), IL-10 (r = −0.24, p ≤ 0.001), and IL-12 (r = −0.18, p=0.01) while duration on ART significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = −0.16, p=0.02). CD4 counts at 6 months and 12 months on ART correlated inversely with IL-17 (r = −0.17, p=0.02) and plasma viral load at 1 year (r = −0.22, p ≤ 0.001), respectively. A positive correlation was observed between IFN-γ and IL-12 (r = −0.84, p ≤ 0.001) and IL-17 (r = −0.50, p ≤ 0.001). This positive trend was repeated between IL-10 and IL-12 (r = −0.92, p ≤ 0.001) and IL-17 (r = −0.61, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion The levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-10 are not significantly affected by sociodemographics and ART regimen. This observation shows that no significant difference was observed in cytokine levels stratified by ART regiments. This means that both regimens are effective in the suppression of disease progression.
Highlights
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its accompanying sequelae, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), account for over 35 million deaths since the first reported cases in 1983 [1]
A convenient cross-sectional study was employed to recruit HIV patients on Antiretroviral therapy (ART) into the study conducted at the HIV clinic within the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH) located in the Central Region of Ghana. e HIV Clinic in CCTH serves as a referral hospital in the Cape Coast Metropolis serving patients within and beyond the Central Region in the capacity as a Teaching Hospital
Majority of the study participants had been on ART for more than four years and were still on first-line ARTregimen (186 (93%)). e mean CD4 counts at baseline, six months on ART, and twelve months on ART were 220.8 ± 10.83 cells/ mm3, 388.5 ± 13.29 cells/mm3, and 592.3 ± 15.27 cells/mm3, respectively
Summary
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its accompanying sequelae, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), account for over 35 million deaths since the first reported cases in 1983 [1]. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) impacts both directly and indirectly on systemic and local innate immunity. Both innate and adaptive immune responses during primary HIV infection are crucial in the establishment of initial host immunologic control of viral replication [2]. Variations in the levels of cytokine in HIV-infected individuals significantly impact the role of the immune system with the possibility to affect the course of HIV disease by either exacerbating or suppressing HIV replication. Aim. e study sought to investigate the effect of sociodemographic indices, clinical laboratory parameters, and ART regimen on 1, 2, and 17 cytokines in HIV patients.
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